Scale Models: Boucher, Inc. – 1922

OE eee i a SCALE MODELS A catalog of Scale Models and accessories used in their construction together with a Hand Book of information useful to Model Makers, Model Yachtsmen and others BOUCHER, INC. Wholesale and Retail 415 MADISON AVENUE NEW YORK GET YOUR BOY ONE (FOR YOURSELF) Prices Subject to Change Without Notice Price Twenty-five Cents Beal rodale— 1 t A\\t > “A Boy Loves THE EvIDENCE oF His Own SKILL” Patrick Francis Murphy Copyright, 1922, by BoOucHER, INC., NEW YORK TOYS “tnan’wsr TOYS Azourhar One PERSONAL HE Models illustrated in this catalog represent years of Mr. Boucher’s personal effort and study on the subject of Marine Models. Prior to 1905 Mr. Boucher was for over ten years engaged in the profession of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering. Since 1905 he has conducted the Experimental and Model Shops where practically all of the Marine Models made in the United States have been turned out, including those for the U. S. Navy Department, U. S. War Department, U. 5. Shipping Board, National Museum, Carnegie Institute, Argentine Government, Italian Government, Steamship Companies, Shipbuilding Companies, Yacht Clubs The years of experience gained in his life’s work is embodied in the products herein listed and must not be confused with the and Yacht Owners. average toy store model. Miniature Boat Sailing and Racing is a sport which is rapidly coming into wide popularity. These little vessels, when skilfully handled, give There are Model Yacht Clubs in most of the country, and under the auspices of of towns the of the cities and many the National Model Yacht Racing Association, inter-club racing is ever the same thrills as the big boats. increasing. Unlike most every other sport, Miniature Boats provide recreation all the year round. There is as much interest in building rigging and painting your boat during the winter months as there is in actual sailing or racing during the warmer weather. Recognizing this important feature, particular attention has been paid to ‘‘Boucher’’ Construction Sets. Whether you have a factory or only a screwdriver, you can turn out a successful boat from one of these sets and then be able to say “This is what I made.” The H. E. Boucher Mfg. Co., of which Mr. Boucher is the guiding spirit, has for the last eighteen years specialized on Marine Models built to scale. Their reputation is world wide and it is their product which is herewith listed and for whom Boucher, Inc., are the Sales Managers. BOUCHER, Ine. 415 Madison Ave., New York, N. Y., U. S. A. Made in America Asourchsnr,Orc SAILING MODEL YACHTS HE Sailing Models illustrated here are made from designs of a well known American Naval Architect working under the personal super- vision of Mr. Boucher. They are correct in form and detail and must not be confused with the average toy store product. Not the least part of a Sailing Model are its sails. A poorly cut or badly fitting sail, made of ordinary or unsuitable material, defeats all the knowledge and care put in the hull. For this reason the sails on Boucher Models are made of balloon cloth by Messrs. Ratsey & Lapthorne, Ltd., whose reputation as sailmakers for Sailing Yachts is international. Boucher Patented Sail Shifting Device A properly designed hull and suit of well cut sails usually produces a fast sailing boat. This, however, is only true when the sails and spars have been properly located on the hull in exact relation to its form. Under different weather conditions, however, the relations between center of effort of the sails and center of lateral resistance of the hull, normally well balanced, change with different wind velocities and give the boat a tendency to run up in the wind or fall off her course. In large boats this is overcome by the Captain at the tiller; with Boucher Models whose Captains are usually handling their boats from a distance, the change of balance is taken care of with the Patented Sail Shifting Device with which all Boucher Models are equipped. Boucher Patented Sail Shifting Device allows the Sailing Master to use judgment and knowledge and win races by his superior skill. If the wind is light he moves the entire rig aft; if the wind is medium he moves the entire rig halfway forward of the slot; if the wind is heavy all the way forward. On the wind or close hauled sailing to windward Boucher Models may be perfectly balanced with the Sail Shifting Device by shifting the rig forward or aft as explained. BOUCHER, Ine. *TLARK’”’ This Sailing Model represents the well known Cape Cod Type Hull, known for their seaworthiness and sailing qualities. It is equipped with a lug mainsail. It was designed for boys to sail on smaller ponds, although it will sail equally well on larger bodies of water. Hull made of patented moulded composition from steel moulds insuring uniformity for class racing. Equipped with “Boucher” Patented Sail Shifting Device. Specifications ENOOV TAIL on cl. so tiele «wheeled euerens 18” Tee HES CAI ees oeccte a oletionl tous dateehs © aieRl coe ace 6” rabid Sis oon oe tatters rere: nanecorsnesicen: 6″ et 2% lbs Wieightin. gc ccciel se nies os a edie Sail Area 200 square inches. Price complete, $10.00 f.o.b. New York, N. Y. GET YOUR BOY ONE (FOR YOURSELF) **SNIPE’’ A Typical V-Type Cat Boat The hull of ““Snipe”’ is of the V-type section. It is made entirely of wood and built up exactly like a large boat. Its form lends itself to seaworthiness and makes the boat very stiff in a strong breeze. The hull is entirely handmade over standard forms and therefore all are alike. Equipped with ‘“ Boucher”’ Patented Sail Shifting Device. Specifications: Mength Overall 7. = cx gies cee sees « + mun 20” PRCATT ic oocenu ssl bie oe tonee aie teks lees 8” 1Fick AP ee Pare I aon EE A, WWiGighibe ccc ect co Soir te ce aloes 2 5%” menreeeeem, aye a 234 lbs. Sa ATCR. vases be pore aa ale os 240 sq. in. Price complete, ready to sail, $18.00 f.o.b. New York, N. Y. SNIPE CONSTRUCTION SET A Real Built Up Hull With the Parts Cut Out, Ready to Assemble This Construction Set is complete in every respect except the paint. It is easy to build and requires very few tools. Full! instructions and blueprints accompanying each set. Price complete, as illustrated, $7.00 f.o.b. New York, N. Y. FO” C4 BOAT: “suipEe* mwarnot ree smemme “CooT” Perhaps the one Model on which we have concentrated our best efforts is the Coot, as we wish to prove that a 25” Sloop embodying all the features that are included in the larger and more expensive models, could be made and sold at a low price. The hull is of the Fin Keel Type made of a patented composition from steel moulds, thereby insuring uniformity of hull design for competitive racing. It is equipped with the ‘‘Boucher”’ Patented Sail Shifting Device and if properly balanced will sail faster than any boat of her size in any kind of weather. Specifications: Weneth Overall. ccs sas osc oo os oats 25″ eatin se: Wk eds avin sis oS bisa as 6%” rahi mete Oe cpm Sree oe eo 6%” Go aoe Gece ss ve clei 9 8 3% lbs. SUR aos2 a oy ee ea 370 sq. in. Price complete, ready to sail, $18.50 _ f.0.b. New York, N. Y. COMPOSITION CONSTRUCTION SET This Construction Set is similar in all respects to the ‘‘Curlew’’ ConShown on Page 9. struction Set with the composition hull. oa Price complete, $12.00 f.o.b. New York, N. Y. ; FOR BOYS FROM EIGHT TO EIGHTY ‘. RIGGING HOOKS Ca) Per dozen: $.20 DECK EYES Length: White Metal: Rough Brass: eet ed tieawse 7/16″ $.10 — te 5/8″ 7/8” 11/16″ 11/4” 11/2” $.10 — te $15 10 00 $ .18 12 8.08 $ .20 $ .25 2S. 1.80 14 Seal models 13 .16 « : Per dozen: $.15. one Asouchsr FITTINGS FOR SAILING YACHTS METAL BLOCKS GAMMON IRONS Size of Sheave 3/8’’ Sizes of Spars Price $.35 1/2” Price 5/8” $.40 $.60 . 3/4” $.70 RIGGING LINE Fine Price Heavy $.05 yd. ) Price XM N i S y MAST TUBES i S Be .05 yd. { naw tte inky For Masts 1/2” Price S $.90 5/8” $1.00 DAVITS ; 3/4” Histeatet on. Bago 02 $1.25 No, 400 Height SS S Per Pair gu S $1.25 2 1/2” S 1.50 git SMALL BRASS EYELETS 1.75 EYELET For Edge of Sails TOOL For Placing Small Eyelets fp Diameter 1/16”’ Price Per Doz. $.05 DEAD EYES 1/8” 3/16” 1/4” For 1/16” Eyelets $.08 $.09 $.10 Price $3.50 SAIL CLOTH Balloon Cloth, very light weight Unbleached, 36” wide, fine quality, per yard: $1.25 FLAGS cantkrnar RAKE RWRRARK ekAnaere RReRARRAR Lead iebtad wrereeenrwee tee RRAENAAS waerwkneuasr weRAWRRRRA Re redaaanr AMERICAN FLAG YACHT ENSIGN Made of Silk in fast colors, Size 2 x 3’’. Price $.15 Each. Seal trodes 14 U. S. UNION JACK one. Asouchsr SPREADERS *\ o= Length over all Diam. Mast. Price Each ———7) 4” ie Gg” 3/8 1/2” 5/8” $.75 $.80 $.90 9 1/2” 3/4!” $1.00 SIMPLE TYPE TRAVELERS Length roe Ae MAST RINGS Price per Doz. $.15 2g Price Each $.15 = $.25 TURN $.20 $.25 GAFF JAWS Diam. 1/2″ 5/8” 4” $.30 BUCKLES Price Each: $.15 Working Price Each: air $.27 $.20 $.25 GOOSENECK AND MAST BAND 3/4” – For Mast Dia. $.75 Price ie 3/4” $3.50 $4.00 AUTOMATIC STEERING GEAR Made in one size only suitable eat C2 for boats 36” long and up. Price: $4.00. FERRULES Size Price 16 1/4” $.03 ea. S16″ $.03 ea. 7716. iWad $.05 ea. $.05 ea. SCALE MODEL POWER BOATS AND ACCESSORIES From little flivver-ducks, that flit about on all sorts of errands of business or pleasure, to majestic auxiliary cruisers, or the streaks of lightning that eat up forty or fifty miles an hour, Power Boats have a firm place in the affections of lovers of sport. The most fascinating boat, of course, is the fast one. We have specialized, therefore, on Scale Models of Speed Boats although BOUCHER separate hulls, engines and fittings may be adapted to models of many other types and we build special models of every type. There is no end to the amount of skill and mechanical expertness which can profitably be employed in tuning up and operating these splendid models. They are capable of high speed and the pleasure and excitement which can be had from racing them is unlimited. For those who crave the additional satisfaction of building their own, we provide Construction Sets corresponding to each model. In these sets are all of the materia’s, fittings and equipment necessary to build the boat as we do ourselves—except the paint—also detailed Blue Prints and Instructions. Handsome in appearance, sturdy in build and speedy in action; we are proud to present these models. 16 —_ ——— One Asourhrr SCALE MODEL POWER BOATS Complete and Ready to Run I. Design—In design these miniature speed boats are the most modern type—DISPLACEMENT—HYDROPLANE. II. Construction—The hulls are built up and provide a happy combination of lightness with strength. The bottoms are hand carved from pine slabs and the sides are of thin, strong material, steam bent. III. Power—Whether powered with steam or BOUCHER Special Spring Motors—the power units used are the best and most efficient that it is possible to build; they are designed by competent engineers and built with painstaking care of the best materials, i.e., Bronze, Steel and Magnolite; no lead or type metal is used. They ave an entirely different product from toy-store engines or motors and are built for speed and hard service. All parts are made to standards and are replaceable. IV. Finish—Hulls are either painted two colors or with sides of na- tural mahogany, varnished—all painted or varnished work consists of several coats rubbed and a final coat of varnish. Decks are all varnished. Combings of Mahogany. Construction Sets Each Construction Set includes all materials, parts and fittings for hull and power unit necessary to build the boat ready to run—except the paint. They are of the same high quality as the completed boats described above. Hulls—The materials furnished consist of bottom slab, rudder, stem and stern pieces, material for deck and combings, sawed to shape. Side planks, bent to shape. All necessary fittings together with detailed Blue Prints and Instructions. Power Plants—Whether steam or BOUCHER Special Spring Motor, are all set up and ready to install. Detailed descriptions and specifications of these units will be found in part three of this catalog, beginning on page 31. Separate Hulls Each of the hulls described may be had separately, to be fitted and engined according to the owner’s own ideas. They are identical in design, construction and finish with the hulls of the finished boats and have shaft tubes and struts installed. Special Hulls We build special hulls after plans or suggestions given us and do so with absolute accuracy. Our standardized hulls, however, meet almost every requirement except experimentation and we suggest that they be carefully considered before special hulls are contemplated. 17 ‘MINNOW’? No Acids, Flame, Heat or Steam A Real Power Boat for a Real Boy an Power—Boucher Special Spring Motor—See page 36. Finish—Sides, black; Underbody, red; Deck, varnished. Will run about five minutes at about three miles per hour, depending on conditions, which is very fast for a model of this size. Price complete and ready to run, $12.00 f.o.b. New York, N. Y. “MINNOW” CONSTRUCTION SET So Simply Arranged That It Can Be Assembled By Any Boy Complete set consists of all materials and equipment necessary to build Parts for hull and deck sawed to shape, the boat—except the paint. detailed blue print and instructions. Price, Construction Set for Hull only, $4.00 f.o.b. New York, N. Y. Price, Construction Set complete, with Boucher Spring Motor Propeller, Shaft, etc., $10.00. Eee OUR BUSINESS IS TO MAKE BOYS HAPPY Scal Mods 18 Axourchsr One POWER BOAT ‘** SNAPPER” Steam Driven This sturdy little vessel is a regular power-boat which will give experience in handling engines, boilers and fuel. It is carefully constructed throughout and provides a maximum of Safety with Steam power. Specifications Benetivoverail. ok eee eee ces 2.0 8s SN ee eRe ars A oe 30” 3” 15 (23 39 err ORs Nodes eee Gris Weenie. _ = 4 ping lever, will drive a boat up to 30” long at about three miles an hour. ‘The inside of the cylinder contains 200” of spring divided in five coils, Price complete, $5.00 f.o.b. New York, N.Y. Seal rods $6 * BOUCHER HORIZONTAL BOILER Type HX-1 This low pressure boiler is intended for small stationary and marine engines. It has a low center of gravity and, with Boucher engine D-51, is suitable for boats up to 30” long. On page 19 it is shown installed in the power boat ‘‘Snapper.”’ Specifications Seamless brass barrel with ends turned and brazed. Length of boiler 514”, diameter 2”, fitted with glass water gauge, safety valve and filler plug, steel housing 45%” long, 254” wide, which forms the draft space at top and bottom. Dimensions over all, length 6%”, width 254″, height 37%”. Weight full 1 lb. 3 oz. Tested to 60 lbs. steam pressure. Price, with Spirit Lamp Burner and Reservoir: Price of Spirit Lamp (only): $14.00. 7.00. HORIZONTAL CENTER FLUE BOILERS CF-1 and CF-2 These highly developed boilers give a surprising amount of steam for their size. Fired by Blow-Torch—they will generate 80 lbs. pressure, from cold water, in three minutes. Suitable for all BoUCHER upright engines and for boats from 36” to 48” long. Specifications Shell and Flue—drawn brass tube. Dome—spun brass, riveted to shell. Water Tubes—five copper tubes, hair pin shape, brazed to furnace and extending through. Fitted with combination safety valve and filler, water gauge and openings for steam gauge and water feed connections. Made in two sizes. . CF1 Diam. Shell………4/” Length of shell….. . 6” Height over all…….5”” Length over all….. 7 3/4” Diameter Flue…….2/ Dimensions, ete. CF2 4” 8” 5” 93/4” 2” CF1 Diameter water tubes…………… 1/4” Length water tubes…………….. 12” Total heating surface…………… 81 sq. in. Weighty Gm Deyo. n:0:00% oi 5 5 veteteres oar 40 oz. Weight, tiled. c. 5 occas wincies Avie 60 oz. Price, Complete (without torch)….. $22.00 BOW THOTCH 65 oo0cck.c 4 © 0 vm cloreitle el duevesc/arwo 0 evstaele SECTIONAL VIEW CF2 1/4” 16” 109 sq. in. 48 oz. 78 oz. $25.00 $ 5.00 ENGINE AND BOILER FITTINGS Boucher Engine and Boiler Fittings are made of brass, accurate and comply in every detail with U. S. Standard threads. qd j ra Be _ No. 7 No. 8 No. 9 ELL 45° TEE ELL 90° 45° Ells WHIZA scale ee le eos JEN seo my dele 2 pan ae al 1/4” $.15 each 99° Ells 3/16” $.15 each BS nalts vp 3/16” 5/16” 1/4” Size PYICCy es 5s cass Ssh lsee 3/16” .20 5/16” $.20 1/4” .20 pee ipa ahaigea x Ties ssere $.15 = STEAM $.15 ; PRESSURE No. 6 $.15 GLORE VALVES ; 7 Size…… . Price….. 1/4″ 3/16″ $2.00 $2.00 GAUGE Diameter: 1”, 3%” thick. No. 2 No. 16 Reading, 0-120 lbs. PIPE UNIONS Price Complete: Size 3/16” 5/16” 1/4” Price $.35 $2.50. PIPE COUPLINGS Size 3/16” 1/4” 5/16″ Price $.35 $.35 $.35 7 GH No. 3 No. 11 AIR CHECK VALVE AND FILLER FOR BLOW TORCH peer ceesce FILLER AND SAFETY VALVE 19/32” Boiler Shell Hole Price MUA QUUUCTACOC UU HEU TAE UAT No. 4 a WATER FUNNELS GAUGE Complete with ae L h iid 3 UA cee ar 2 No. 19 34″ Dake… li” Price: $.15 STEAM GAUGE each for CE-1 and CR2 oilers, SYPHON 3/16” tubing $.50 each Price….. Size. is 39 : o LUBRICATOR (Steam Line) Price $1.25 each EXHIBITION MODELS AND FITTINGS ScaLE MoDEL OF SCHOONER YACHT ‘¢ ATLANTIC ”’ Mounted on rippled glass marvellous Scale The house of BOUCHER is universally known fora its but faint conception of Models. The accompanying illustrations giveprecis ion, minute detail and the variety of its models or of the exquisite beautiful finish which characterize them. 49 fee Scale Model of Longitudinal Section of Argentine Battleship “‘RrvADAVIA,’’ Scale 1/4” to the foot. Operating Scale Model of the Floating Crane “HERCULES.” —, Made for the U. S. Navy Department. Scale Model of a Group illustrating development of Trans-Atlantic Liners from the Clipper “ DREADNAUGHT”’ (1835) to the ‘‘LEVIATHAN”’ (1914). Engineer Corps, U. S. Army. Made for the Several of the illustrations have the appearance of photographs of the originals, instead of models, for example: the schooners ‘‘ATLANTIC”’ and “CARNEGIE.” This is an effect peculiar to Boucher Models and is due both to the manner in which the models are mounted and to the fact that all details are carried out to exact scale and are correct in design and finish. —SealI Mrrodakss— 41 lal Scale Model of the Plant of The REMINGTON ARMS ComPANY. Main buildings illuminated. Scale Model of a 35,000 k. w. TURBINE GENERATOR. Made for the General Electric Co. Scale Model of the projected LUCKENBACH TERMINAL on the West Bank of the Hudson River. Boucher products include: Marine Models, Models of Plants, Patent and Damage Case Models, Intruction Models for Schools and Colleges, Working Models, the design and Construction of Special Machinery, Apparatus and Appliances for scientific and commercial purposes. SealI modal 42 FOR BUILDERS OF EXHIBITION MODELS. WE SUPPLY EVERYTHING NECESSARY FOR BUILDING EXHIBITION MODELS. OUR LONG EXPERIENCE AND EXCEPTIONAL EQUIPMENT ENABLE US TO SELECT MATERI- ALS, TOOLS, ETC., AND TO PROVIDE FITTINGS WHICH EXACTLY MEET THE PECULIAR REQUIREMENTS OF FINE MODEL MAKING. FOR EXAMPLE: Blue Prints. Accurate and authentic plans of many historic and typical vessels are carried in stock (see pages 47 and 48). Lumber. Selected White Pine, in square blocks of any dimensions. Straight Grained Spruce, Mahogany, Birch, Maple or Box-Wood: extra strong, three-ply veneers for decks, etc. See page 57. Hulls. Of Selected White Pine; completely or partially finished—either from lines furnished us or from our own stock lines. Fittings. See pages 13, 14, 15, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55; 43 Aszourhsre ne BLUE PRINTS ¢ ¢ ¢# hefe blue print plans are of historic and modern veffels which are typical in their respective claffes. he plans ave authentic and show the lines for shaping the hulls, the above-water profiles, deck plans and sail plans – the latler also showing the standing and running rigging. The plans redrawn of from the Navy Department after several and private early original or years navy plans sailing reconstructed have from from research work libraries ships obtained the data U. been S. cbtained in museums, public by NAVAL ARCHITECT. The measurements shown on the plans of many of the older vessels do not conform to the standard measurements of today. For convenience, the following table, showing the relation of the older foreign standards to the standard foot of today, is shown: The Foot of Paris is equal to 12 8/10 inches “« «Amsterdam “ “ “113/10 “ a ‘“ “ Antwerp Say SSE OE ES Io “ce é ce Leyden ce ce “ec Te 3/10 ce ee ec ce Strasburgh ce oe ce mae “e ae oe oes | eranigorios 1S ee c “ce Spain e ce ce ce ce ce Venice ee cc“ ce ke 9/10 ce «ce cc ce Dantzig ce ce ce 11 3/10 ce “ce ce ce Rome “e ce ce 1a 6/10 se “ce ec “e Greece “ce ce ce ey 1/10 ec «ec “ec ce China ec “ec ce 12 2/10 oe “ce ce ae De S. A. ae “ec ce 12 ee 44 12 ce SANTA MARIA we, fT. 1492 ‘SAlLme RIGGING PLAN OF THE SANTA MARIA LENGTH OVER Aut BOUCHER imc ER aeer Ao HF td een Drm by or AC = % Ses = [ea hia ae ae = ° Lf J 45 Ps ESE 4 eet 50% See – 19- IL ! n all pte!GE . TURER ATED Bass < 4 Sie PAS eS B K a | OSS () aN) WT reSs suet Wee >a SH ae Nex cos ‘ (] as Pas Bight of a Rope. Overhand Knot. Figure Eight Knot. Double Knot. Boat Knot. : RXyseses . we 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ACS$33) ’ 4 6. Bowline, first stage. ft i. second stage. 8. as third stage. 9. Square or Reef Knot. 10. Sheet Bend. 16. Rolling Hitch. Sweet 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Sheet bend with toggle. Stevedor’s Knot. Half Hitch. Timber Hitch. Clove Hitch. 20. Round Turn and Half Hitch. 17. Timber Hitch & Half Hitch. 18. Lashing. 21. Wall Knot—complete. 7 ae. ** —commenced. 19. Fisherman’s Bend. 2308.” ‘“* —crowned. 24. Wall Knot, Crowned—commenced. 25. Eye Splice—first strand tucked. 26. -“ ** —second ‘ = 27. oe thie se A Knot, Bend or Hitch, properly made, will not jamb. Seal rode 60 7 —— SUGGESTIONS FOR MINIATURE YACHT SAILING By Chas. D. Mower Sailing Befcre the Wind The simplest form of sailing is to use any kind of sail that will catch the wind and propel the boat in the direction in which the wind is blowing. This is called “‘sailing before the wind,” and it can be readily understood that any form of boat will be carried along before the wind if it has sufficient spread of sail. QVATER PRESSURE AGAINST LEE SIDE OF HULL (VIND PRESSURE AGAINST SAILS Fic. 1. Sailing in any direction other than before the wind, it is necessary that the boat be fitted with a centerboard, or keel, which will offer a certain amount of resistance to the pressure of the water against the leeward side of the boat, as otherwise the boat would drift sidewise with the wind. For example, a boat not fitted with a keel, or center- board, would sail before the wind, but if she were headed at right angles to the direction of the wind, she would drift sidewise to leeward and would make very little headway in the direction her bow pointed. On the other hand, if a keel, or centerboard, were fitted, it would give her ‘‘lateral resistance,” and the pressure of the wind on the sail acting against the pressure of the water on the | A ¢ s Oo e => Frs..2. through the leeward side of the keel or centerboard, would cause the hull to move ahead be such that must sail the of water. It will be readily seen that the pressure and shape Asourchsr dre the boat will be balanced against the pressure of the water on the lee side of the hull. A practical illustration of this would be a weather-vane in the form of a boat. If only the mainsail were hoisted she would head into the Lateral Resistance wind, and if the mainsail were taken down and the jib hoisted the bow would swing With both mainsail and jib of the proper proportions the boat away from the wind. would head at right angles to the wind and balance at that point. (See Fig. 2.) The ability of the hull to withstand the side pressure of the water is called the “lateral resistance” and the balancing point is called the ‘‘center of lateral resistance.’ This is the point at which the pressure of, say, the point of a boathook would push the boat exactly sidewise through the water. Another way to find the center of lateral resistance is to cut a piece of cardboard the exact shape of the underwater profile of the boat and balance it on a pin point. The balancing point is the center of gravity or the center of lateral resistance. The sail plan is designed so that the center of gravity, or, as it is usually termed, the center of effort of the sails is slightly forward of the center of lateral resistance : : iis ; of the hull. If, through mistake in designing the sail plan, the boat has too much forward sail and the center of effort too far forward of the center of lateral C enter of Effort C.E ie | seer > C.E TOO FAR FORWARD BOAT WOULD FALL OFF * INCORRECT – C.E TOO FAR AFT BOAT WOULD HEAD INTO THE WIND * INCORRECT + C.E. SLIGHTLY FORWADR OF CLR. ee gral Sey TO COME CORRECT resistance the bow will have a tendency to fall off away from the wind and the tiller must be carried on the leeward side of the centerline of the ship. This is called ‘“‘lee helm,” and will not be found on a properly designed boat. The amount of weather helm, or the angle of the rudder, varies with the ig Hele strength of the wind and the speed of the boat through the water. This is caused by the pressure of water against the lee bow; when the boat is heeled over and Sailing fast in a good breeze, which gives her a greater tendency to come up into the wind than she has at slower speeds when there is little or no bow wave. This greater angle of rudder has a tendency to retard the speed of the boat, and for this reason some miniature yachts are fitted so that the entire rig can be moved forward or aft to give perfect balance in different weather conditions . — Scald rrodass— 62 Asourchsrdne The trimming of the sails is very important in getting the best speed out of a boat and is best learned by experience. In going to windward the sails should be trimmed in close Sail but with just a little slack in the sheets to allow the sails to fill and present a curved surface to the wind. If too flat they do not have as great a driving Trimmin : te – ‘ : : effect, and while the boat will point closer to the wind she will not move ‘ as ee \ ey we Vi Oe NX a.a fe) * th Oo me % x at = “For | WIND RUNNING FREE through the water as fast. BROAD REACH Vp a BEATING TO WINDWARD =~ s f yr ‘Vv CLOSE REACH WIND ABEAM It is in knowing how best to trim the sails that the skill of the helmsman is shown. Interesting experiments with rigs can be made by taking two models of the same size and shape and fitting them with different rigs. For example, one could be fitted with the conventional gaff mainsail and the other with the jib headed, or as it has been called, the Marconi mainsail of the same area, and information of real value can be derived from such experiments. Acting on Mr. Mower’s suggestion, all Boucher sailing models are equipped with means for shifting the entire rig forward or aft as desired in order to accomplish a perfect balance between the center of effort and center of lateral resistance. 63 Atxourh ne RULES FOR OUTSIDE SAILING Adopted by Model Yacht Racing Ass’n of America, March 15, 1922 1—A yacht shall be amenable to the racing rules from the time the preparatory signal is made, and shall continue so until she has passed entirely across the finish line. 2—A yacht is said to be free when the wind is over her stern. 3—A miniature yacht running free has the right of way over yachts on any other point of sailing, and the skipper of the latter must see that the former yacht has a clear passage. Failing to observe these rules, and should a collision occur, the offender will be disqualified (This rule is different from the rule for large yachts, because sailing before the wind is the most 4—When two or more yachts are free or both have the wind aft of the beam the yacht with the boom on the port side shall have the right of way. 5—A miniature yacht sailing on the starboard tack has the right of way over those sailing on the port tack. Therefore, if a yacht on the port tack fails to clear the yachts on the starboard tack, so that they come together in collision, this will constitute a foul and the former boat will be disqualified. 6—In case two or more yachts are on the same tack and the boat to windward is making leeway or yawing so that in time it will come in collision with the leeward boat, the windward craft must be put about on the other tack before the collision takes place, except when rounding a mark and an over!ap has been created so that the windward boat has no longer a choice of course; upon hail for room by the windward sailor then the leeward boat shall give way, and failing to follow this rule the offender will be disqualified. 7—A yacht overtaking another shall keep clear as long as she is said to be creating an overlap. Two yachts sailing the same or nearly the same course are said to be overlapping when ei her yacht has no longer a free choice on which side of the other she shall pass. 8—Yachts must turn a mark absolutely clear and in case any emerged part of the model or rigging touches any part of the mark or flag, said model must round the mark again in the proper manner and in the same di ection as it originally attempted to turn. 9—When a yacht is approaching a shore, shoal, pier, rock, vessel, or a dangerous obstruction other than a mark of the course and cannot go clear without fouling another yacht, then the latter shall, upon hail by the sailor of the former, at once give room; and in case one yacht is forced to tack or bear away to give room, the other shall also tack or bear away as the case may be and as near the same time as possible without danger of fouling. 10—There will be no penalties for touches, but when a skipper goes aboard of his craft to trim or put about, he must row up to his boat gently, or at the same rate of speed that the model is making, so as to prevent giving momentum to the yacht other than produced by her own power; and any skipper towing, pushing or artificially increasing the speed o* his boat in any way whatever, while sailing in and, particularly, while rounding marks, will be considered an offender and disqualified. 11—Any member sailing in a race may protest any other yacht so sailing for a violation of these rules. Intention to protest must be made known to the judge and the Regatta Committee verbally before the expiration of one hour from the finishing time of the race, and supplemented by a written statement of fact sent before 6 P.M. of the next week day following the race. Seal rods 64 wae? difficult point for the model.) i SHIP TIME AND WATCHES Each day on shipboard commences at noon. The crew is formed in two divisions called respectively the ‘‘Starboard Watch”’ and “Port Watch.” The two watches perform duty alternately as follows: to 4:00 P. M. Noon 4:00 P. M. to 6:00 P. M. 6:00 P. M. to 8:00 P. M. 8:00 P. M. to Midnight “ Afternoon Watch” “Birst Dog Watch” “Second Dog Watch”’ “Night Watch”’ “Middle Watch” ‘“Morning Watch” “Porenoon Watch” = Midnight to 4:00 A. M. 4:00 A. M. to 8:00 A. M. §8:00 A. M. to Noon The purpose of the two-hour watches (Dog Watches) is to change the hours of duty Starboard and Port Watches each day. TIME IS STRUCK ON THE SHIP’S BELL AS FOLLOWS: Even Bells on the Hour : Odd Bells on the Half Hour 1 Bell at 12:30 A. M. eee Be BO a (ONE eee [5 MEE epe S330 fe 230- * fa ae SITs5 2 §G:d0 | * See Fhe ht a Lig a {0 ree * geo: * Ay RS FS 10 ee eee sSO) te ese 7 Si 2 Bellsat 1:00 A. M.and 1:00 P. M. 02 Obes ESTs 200 maen Ae SESE OO satan Gf 8 | Sense $f ASO: 3 <* g .% -* 40 .* Sy DOO ah Bare AS Bea as =~ 16:00 — 600" a $C 12300: 4 6 athe SS Oe Se CS a= S00 me e Suto siesoa® Yr 0 a SE 9 OOO) uaa 10:00 5 1050 4. fo gS OO nL c: Gig ho SOO. aia 8 “ noonand at midnight and 12:30 P. M. AsO “32:30 “ SE 380) fo os {> 430) 53}0 ee EEGs £ iO a 38 300) tes (O80 10:30 * esOm. 7 NAUTICAL MEASURE 1 Fathom = 6 feet. 1 nautical mile (knot) = 6080.26 feet = 1.1516 statute mile = approximately 1 1/6 statute miles. 1 league = 3 nautical miles. One degree at the equator = 60 nautical miles = 69. 168 statute miles. 360 degrees = 21,600 nautical miles = 24,874.5 statute miles = circumference of earth at the equator. 65 Asourchsr one HINTS FOR PAINTING AND FINISHING MODEL BOATS In painting a model yacht nine amateurs out of every ten are in too great haste to get the job done quickly. paint on thick. | You cannot do a good job by putting There should be several coats of thin paint. Each coat should be allowed to dry thoroughly and be rubbed down smooth before the next coat is applied. While drying, preferably in a dry, warm room; see th